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Landis ( m. 1958)Awards(1947)(1963)(1968)(1987)Scientific careerFieldsInstitutionsSignatureLuis Walter Alvarez (June 13, 1911 – September 1, 1988) was an American, and who was awarded the in 1968 for development of the enabling discovery of resonance states in particle physics. The commented, 'Luis Alvarez was one of the most brilliant and productive experimental physicists of the twentieth century.' After receiving his from the in 1936, Alvarez went to work for at the at the. Alvarez devised a set of experiments to observe K- in, predicted by the theory but never before observed. He produced using the and measured its lifetime. In collaboration with, he measured the.In 1940 Alvarez joined the, where he contributed to a number of projects, from early improvements to (IFF) radar beacons, now called, to a system known as VIXEN for preventing enemy submarines from realizing that they had been found by the new airborne radars.

Enemy submarines would wait until the radar signal was getting strong and then submerge, escaping attack. But VIXEN transmitted a radar signal whose strength was the cube of the distance to the submarine so that as they approached the sub, the signal—as measured by the sub—got progressively weaker, and the sub assumed the plane was getting farther away and didn't submerge. The radar system for which Alvarez is best known and which has played a major role in aviation, most particularly in the post war, was (GCA). Alvarez spent a few months at the working on for before coming to to work for on the. Alvarez worked on the design of, and the development of. As a member of, he observed the from a, and later the from the B-29.After the war Alvarez was involved in the design of a that allowed his team to take millions of photographs of particle interactions, develop complex computer systems to measure and analyze these interactions, and discover entire families of new particles.

This work resulted in his being awarded the Nobel Prize in 1968. He was involved in a project to the to search for unknown chambers.

With his son, geologist, he developed the which proposes that the that wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs was the result of an asteroid impact.Alvarez was a member of the, the, and the. Alvarez was the doctoral advisor of astrophysicist. Nobel Laureate Arthur Compton, left, with young graduate student Luis Alvarez at the University of Chicago in 1933Alvarez's sister, Gladys, worked for as a part-time secretary, and mentioned Alvarez to Lawrence.

Lawrence then invited Alvarez to tour the exhibition in Chicago with him. After he completed his in 1936, Alvarez, now engaged to be married to Geraldine Smithwick, asked his sister to see if Lawrence had any jobs available at the. A telegram soon arrived from Gladys with a job offer from Lawrence. This started a long association with the. Alvarez and Smithwick were married in one of the chapels at the University of Chicago and then headed for California. They had two children, and Jean. They were divorced in 1957.

On December 28, 1958, he married Janet L. Landis, and had two more children, Donald and Helen.At the Radiation Laboratory he worked with Lawrence's experimental team, which was supported by a group of theoretical physicists headed. Alvarez devised a set of experiments to observe K- in, predicted by the theory but never observed. Using to sweep aside the and emanating from his radioactive sources, he designed a special purpose Geiger counter to detect only the 'soft' coming from K capture. He published his results in the in 1937.When (hydrogen-2) is bombarded with deuterium, the yields either (hydrogen-3) plus a or plus a ( 2H+ 2H→ 3H+ p or 3He+ n).

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This is one of the most basic, and the foundation of the and the current research on. At that time the stability of these two reaction products was unknown, but based on existing theories thought that tritium would be stable and helium-3 unstable. Alvarez proved the reverse by using his knowledge of the details of the 60-inch operation. He tuned the machine to accelerate doubly ionized helium-3 nuclei and was able to get a, thus using the cyclotron as a kind of super.

As the accelerated helium came from deep where it had been for millions of years, the helium-3 component had to be stable. Afterwards Alvarez produced the radioactive tritium using the cyclotron and the 2H+ 2Hreaction and measured its lifetime.In 1938, again using his knowledge of the cyclotron and inventing what are now known as techniques, Alvarez created a mono-energetic beam of. With this he began a long series of experiments, collaborating with, to measure the. Their result of μ 0 = 1.93 ±0.02, published in 1940, was a major advance over earlier work. World War II Radiation Laboratory The British to the United States in 1940 demonstrated to leading American scientists the successful application of the to produce short wavelength pulsed. The, established only months earlier by President, created a central national laboratory at the (MIT) for the purpose of developing military applications of microwave radar.

Lawrence immediately recruited his best 'cyclotroneers', among them Alvarez, who joined this new laboratory, known as the, on November 11, 1940. Alvarez contributed to a number of projects, from early improvements to (IFF) radar beacons, now called, to a system known as VIXEN for preventing enemy submarines from realizing that they had been found by the new airborne microwave radars.One of the first projects was to build equipment to transition from the British long-wave radar to the new microwave centimeter-band radar made possible by the. In working on the system (MEW), Alvarez invented a that not only suppressed the unwanted of the radiation field, but also could be electronically scanned without the need for mechanical scanning. This was the first microwave phased-array antenna, and Alvarez used it not only in MEW but in two additional radar systems. The antenna enabled the Eagle radar to support precision bombing in bad weather or through clouds. It was completed rather late in the war; although a number of were equipped with Eagle and it worked well, it came too late to make much difference.

Receiving the from President, White House, 1946The radar system for which Alvarez is best known and which has played a major role in aviation, most particularly in the post war, was (GCA). Using Alvarez's dipole antenna to achieve a very high, GCA allows ground-based radar operators watching special precision displays to guide a landing airplane to the runway by transmitting verbal commands to the pilot. The system was simple, direct, and worked well, even with previously untrained pilots. It was so successful that the military continued to use it for many years after the war, and it was still in use in some countries in the 1980s. Alvarez was awarded the 's in 1945 'for his conspicuous and outstanding initiative in the concept and development of the Ground Control Approach system for safe landing of aircraft under all weather and traffic conditions'.Alvarez spent the summer of 1943 in England testing GCA, landing planes returning from battle in bad weather, and also training the British in the use of the system. While there he encountered the young, who was an RAF radar technician.

Clarke subsequently used his experiences at the radar research station as the basis for his novel, which contains a thinly disguised version of Alvarez. Clarke and Alvarez developed a long-term friendship. Manhattan Project In the fall of 1943, Alvarez returned to the United States with an offer from to work at on the. But Oppenheimer suggested that he first spend a few months at the working with before coming to Los Alamos. During these months, General asked Alvarez to think of a way that the US could find out if the Germans were operating any, and, if so, where they were.

Alvarez suggested that an airplane could carry a system to detect the radioactive gases that a reactor produces, particularly. The equipment did fly over Germany, but detected no radioactive xenon because the Germans had not built a reactor capable of a chain reaction. This was the first idea of monitoring for. It would become extremely important after the war. Wearing a helmet and and standing in front of, 1945As a result of his radar work and the few months spent with Fermi, Alvarez arrived at Los Alamos in the spring of 1944, later than many of his contemporaries. The work on the ' (a uranium bomb) was far along so Alvarez became involved in the design of the ' (a plutonium bomb). The technique used for uranium, that of forcing the two sub- together using a, would not work with plutonium because the high level of background would cause fissions as soon as the two parts approached each other, so heat and expansion would force the system apart before much energy has been released.

It was decided to use a nearly critical sphere of and compress it quickly by explosives into a much smaller and denser, a technical challenge at the time.To create the symmetrical required to compress the plutonium core to the required density, thirty two explosive charges were to be simultaneously detonated around the spherical core. Using conventional explosive techniques with, progress towards achieving simultaneity to within a small fraction of a microsecond was discouraging.

Alvarez directed his graduate student, to use a large to deliver a charge directly to each, replacing blasting caps with. The exploding wire detonated the thirty two charges to within a few tenths of a microsecond. The invention was critical to the success of the. He also supervised the. Alvarez later wrote that:With modern weapons-grade uranium, the background neutron rate is so low that terrorists, if they had such material, would have a good chance of setting off a high-yield explosion simply by dropping one half of the material onto the other half. Most people seem unaware that if separated is at hand, it's a trivial job to set off a nuclear explosion, whereas if only plutonium is available, making it explode is the most difficult technical job I know. Alvarez (top right) on Tinian with (top left), (bottom left) and (bottom right)Again working with Johnston, Alvarez's last task for the was to develop a set of calibrated / to be parachuted from an aircraft to measure the strength of the blast wave from the atomic explosion, so as to allow the scientists to calculate the bomb's energy.

After being commissioned as a in the, he observed the from a that also carried fellow members and (who were respectively commissioned at the rank of ).Flying in the in formation with the, Alvarez and Johnston measured the blast effect of the bomb which was. A few days later, again flying in The Great Artiste, Johnston used the same equipment to measure the strength of the explosion. Bubble chamber. Celebrating winning the Nobel Prize, October 30, 1968.

The balloons are inscribed with the names of subatomic particles that his group discovered.Returning to the University of California, Berkeley as a, Alvarez had many ideas about how to use his wartime radar knowledge to improve. Xpr map extractor. Though some of these were to bear fruit, the 'big idea' of this time would come from with his concept of which led to the. Refining and extending this concept, the Lawrence team would build the world's then-largest proton accelerator, the, which began operating in 1954.

Though the Bevatron could produce copious amounts of interesting particles, particularly in secondary collisions, these complex interactions were hard to detect and analyze at the time.Seizing upon a new development to visualize particle tracks, created by and known as a, Alvarez realized the device was just what was needed, if only it could be made to function with. Nuclei, which are, made the simplest and most desirable target for interactions with the particles produced by the Bevatron.

He began a development program to build a series of small chambers, and championed the device to Ernest Lawrence.The Glaser device was a small glass cylinder ( 1 cm × 2 cm) filled with. By suddenly reducing the pressure in the device, the liquid could be placed into a temporary state, which would boil along the disturbed track of a particle passing through.

Glaser was able to maintain the superheated state for a few seconds before spontaneous boiling took place. The Alvarez team built chambers of 1.5 in, 2.5 in, 4 in, 10 in, and 15 in using liquid hydrogen, and constructed of metal with glass windows, so that the tracks could be photographed. The chamber could be cycled in synchronization with the accelerator beam, a picture could be taken, and the chamber recompressed in time for the next beam cycle.This program built a liquid hydrogen bubble chamber almost 7 feet (2 meters) long, employed dozens of physicists and graduate students together with hundreds of engineers and technicians, took millions of photographs of particle interactions, developed computer systems to measure and analyze the interactions, and discovered families of new particles. This work resulted in the for Alvarez in 1968, 'For his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonant states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chambers and data analysis.'

Scientific detective In 1964 Alvarez proposed what became known as the (HAPPE), originally conceived as a large carried to high altitude by a in order to study extremely high-energy particle interactions. In time the focus of the experiment changed toward the study of and the role of both particles and radiation in the. This work was a large effort, carrying detectors aloft with flights and high-flying aircraft, and an early precursor of the satellite-born experiments on the cosmic background radiation (which resulted in the award of the 2006 Nobel Prize, shared. X-Raying the Pyramids with Egyptologist and Team Leader Jerry Anderson, Berkeley, 1967Alvarez proposed in 1965 to search the for unknown chambers. Using naturally occurring, his plan was to place, standard equipment in the high-energy of this time, beneath the second pyramid of in a known chamber. By measuring the counting rate of the cosmic rays in different directions the detector would reveal the existence of any void in the overlaying rock structure.Alvarez assembled a team of physicists and archeologists from the United States and Egypt, the recording equipment was constructed and the experiment carried out, though it was interrupted by the 1967. Restarted after the war, the effort continued, recording and analyzing the penetrating cosmic rays until 1969 when Alvarez reported to the that no chambers had been found in the 19% of the pyramid surveyed.In November 1966 published a series of photographs from the that took of the.

Alvarez, an expert in optics and, became intrigued by the pictures and began to study what could be learned from the film. Alvarez demonstrated both in theory and experiment that the backward snap of the President's head was fully consistent with his being shot from behind. He also investigated the timing of the gunshots and the shockwave which disturbed the camera, and the speed of the camera, pointing out a number of things which the FBI photo analysts either overlooked or got wrong. He produced a paper intended as a tutorial, with informal advice for the physicist intent on arriving at the truth. Luis and at the in, 1981In 1980 Alvarez and his son, geologist, along with nuclear chemists and, 'uncovered a calamity that literally shook the Earth and is one of the great discoveries about Earth's history'.During the 1970s, Walter Alvarez was doing geologic research in central Italy. There he had located an outcrop on the walls of a gorge whose layers included both above and below the.

Exactly at the boundary is a thin layer of. Walter told his father that the layer marked where the and much else became extinct and that nobody knew why, or what the clay was about — it was a big mystery and he intended to solve it.Alvarez had access to the at the and was able to work with and, who used the technique of. In 1980, Alvarez, Alvarez, Asaro, and Michel published a seminal paper proposing an extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction (then called the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction). In the years following the publication of their article, the clay was also found to contain, spherules, crystals, microscopic, and rare minerals formed only under conditions of great temperature and pressure.Publication of the 1980 paper brought criticism from the geologic community, and an often acrimonious scientific debate ensued.

Ten years later, and after Alvarez's death, evidence of a large called was found off the coast of Mexico, providing support for the theory. Other researchers later found that the of the dinosaurs may have occurred rapidly in geologic terms, over thousands of years, rather than millions of years as had previously been supposed. Others continue to study alternative extinction causes such as increased, particularly the massive eruptions that occurred around the same time, and, checking against the record. However, on March 4, 2010, a panel of 41 scientists agreed that the Chicxulub asteroid impact triggered the mass extinction. Aviation In his autobiography, Alvarez said, 'I think of myself as having had two separate careers, one in science and one in aviation.

I've found the two almost equally rewarding.' An important contributor to this was his enjoyment of flying. He learned to fly in 1933, later earning and multi-engine ratings. Over the next 50 years he accumulated over 1000 hours of flight time, most of it as pilot in command.

He said, 'I found few activities as satisfying as being pilot in command with responsibility for my passengers' lives.' Alvarez made numerous professional contributions to aviation. During World War II he led the development of multiple aviation-related technologies. Several of his projects are described above, including Ground Controlled Approach (GCA) for which he was awarded the Collier Trophy in 1945. He also held the basic patent for the radar, for which he assigned rights to the U.S.

Government for $1.Later in his career Alvarez served on multiple high level advisory committees related to civilian and military aviation. These included a task group on future and systems, the Military Aircraft Panel, and a committee studying how the scientific community could help improve the United States' capabilities for fighting a nonnuclear war.Alvarez's aviation responsibilities led to many adventures.

For example, while working on GCA he became the first civilian to fly a low approach with his view outside the cockpit obstructed. He also flew many military aircraft from the co-pilot's seat, including a and a. In addition, he survived a crash during World War II as a passenger in a. Death Alvarez died on September 1, 1988, due to complications from a succession of recent operations for.

His remains were cremated, and his ashes were scattered over. His papers are in at the. 75 (11): 968. Alvarez, L.

Alvarez: Adventures of a Physicist. Basic Books, p.92, last paragraph, et seq.,. Fractals, Chaos and Power Laws, Manfred Schroeder, Dover, 1991, p.33.

Trower, W. Biographical Memoirs. Retrieved March 21, 2013.

CS1 maint: ref=harv. Retrieved April 24, 2019., pp. 9–10. Fernandez, R. (September 2011). Retrieved June 15, 2011. ^, p. 259., pp. 12–16. ^.

Retrieved April 17, 2011., pp. 23–24. Alfred B. Facts On File, Incorporated; 2007. 168., pp. 25–27.

Alvarez: adventures of a physicist. 'Physicists feel that the subject of religion is taboo. Almost all consider themselves agnostics.

We talk about the big bang that started the present universe and wonder what caused it and what came before. To me the idea of a Supreme Being is attractive, but I'm sure that such a Being isn't the one described in any holy book. Since we learn about people by examining what they have done, I conclude that any Supreme Being must have been a great mathematician. The universe operates with precision according to mathematical laws of enormous complexity.

I'm unable to identify its creator with the Jesus to whom my maternal grandparents, missionaries in China, devoted their lives.' ., p. 31., p. 38., p. 284., pp. 205–207, 281., pp. 46–48. Alvarez, L. 'Nuclear K Electron Capture'. 52 (2): 134–135., pp. 54–55. Alvarez, L. W.; Cornog, R.

'Helium and Hydrogen of Mass 3'. 56 (6): 613., p. 6. Sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFTrower2009., pp. 67–71. Alvarez, Luis W.; Bloch, F. 'A Quantitative Determination of the Neutron Moment in Absolute Nuclear Magnetons'. 57 (2): 111–122., pp. 78–85., pp. 90–93., pp. 101–103., pp. 96–100.

Archived from on December 3, 2013. Retrieved March 21, 2013. The Courier-Journal. Louisville, Kentucky. Associated Press. December 13, 1946.

P. 16 – via Newspapers.com., pp. 104–110., pp. 110., pp. 114–121., pp. 123–128., pp. 131–136., p. 125., pp. 137–142., pp. 6–8., pp. 144–146., pp. 153–159., pp. 185–189., pp. 190–194., pp. 196–199. Retrieved March 21, 2013. ^ Alvarez, L. Retrieved March 21, 2013. Alvarez, L. Retrieved March 21, 2013., pp. 232–236., pp. 239–250.

Alvarez, L. W.; Alvarez, W.; Asaro, F.; Michel, H. 208 (4448): 1095–1108. Schulte, P.; et al. 327 (5970): 1214–1218.

^, pp. 30–31. ^, pp. 268., pp. 218–223., pp. 224., pp. 108. Sullivan, Walter (September 2, 1988).

The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2013. Retrieved March 21, 2013. National Aeronautical Association.

Archived from on December 3, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2011. (PDF). Retrieved April 17, 2011. American Philosophical Society.

Archived from on March 19, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2011. (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved April 17, 2011. California Science Center.

Archived from on February 5, 2012. Retrieved March 21, 2012. Archived from on August 8, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2012. (PDF). Retrieved March 21, 2012.

National Academy of Engineering. Retrieved April 17, 2011.

Retrieved March 21, 2012. National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from on July 6, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2012. The Enrico Fermi Award.

US Department of Energy. Archived from on November 1, 2014.

Retrieved April 17, 2011. (PDF). Retrieved April 17, 2011. Archived from on July 30, 2016.

Retrieved January 20, 2015. Alvarez, Luis W. (4 March 1958). 'Golf training device.' Washington, DC: U.S.

Patent and Trademark Office. Lawrence, E.

O., McMillan, E. M., & Alvarez, L. Electronuclear Reactor (No. US 2933442).

Alvarez, L. (24 January 1967). 'Optical range finder with variable angle exponential prism.' Washington, DC: U.S.

Patent and Trademark Office. Alvarez, Luis W. (21 February 1967). 'Two-element variable-power spherical lens.'

Patent 3,305,294. Washington, DC: U.S.

Patent and Trademark Office. Alvarez, Luis W., and William E. (21 April 1970). 'Variable-power lens and system.'

Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Alvarez, Luis W., Stephen E.

Derenzo, Richard A. Muller, Robert G. Smits, and Haim Zaklad.

(25 April 1972). 'Subatomic particle detector with liquid electron multiplication medium.' Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Alvarez, L.

(19 June 1973). 'Method of making fresnelled optical element matrix.' Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Alvarez, L.

(6 August 1974). 'Optical element of reduced thickness.' Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Alvarez, L. (13 August 1974).

'Method of forming an optical element of reduced thickness.' Washington, DC: U.S.

Patent and Trademark Office. Alvarez, Luis W.,(17 February 1981).

'Deuterium tagged articles such as explosives and method for detection thereof.' Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Alvarez, Luis W., and Schwemin, Arnold J. (23 February 1982).

'Stabilized zoom binocular.' Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Alvarez, Luis W.

(23 February 1982). 'Stand alone collision avoidance system.' Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Alvarez, Luis W., (16 August 1983). 'Television viewer.'

Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Alvarez, Luis W., and Schwemin, Arnold J. (29 November 1983). 'Stabilized zoom binocular.' Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Alvarez, Luis W., and Schwemin, Arnold J.

(7 October 1986). 'Optically stabilized camera lens system.' Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Alvarez, Luis W.

(12 July 1988). 'Nitrogen detection.' Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Alvarez, Luis W., and Sporer, Stephen F. (27 March 1990). 'Inertial pendulum optical stabilizer.'

Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.References. Alvarez, L. CS1 maint: ref=harv. Heilbron, J.

L.; Seidel, R. (1989). Trower, W. Biographical Memoirs. Retrieved March 21, 2013.

CS1 maint: ref=harv. Trower, W. CS1 maint: ref=harv External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to.

on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1968 Recent Developments in Particle Physics. (ed.). Garwin, Richard L., 1992, ' in Memorial Tributes, National Academy of Engineering, Vol. Washington DC: National Academy Press., from the,.