Transformations Unleashed Quartz 2d Graphics For Mac
Quartz 2D provides routines that allow you to directly transform paths. You can use the text matrix to modify text as you draw it. When Quartz draws images, however, it always draws them oriented to the coordinate axes. If you want to transform an image, you will have to modify the coordinate system.
Learn SwiftUI and take your iOS Development to the Next LevelSwiftUI Essentials – iOS Edition book is now available in Print ($37.99) and eBook ($29.99) editions.The ability to draw two dimensional graphics on the iPhone is provided as part of the Core Graphics Framework in the form of the Quartz 2D API. Quartz on the iPhone is the same implementation as that provided with Mac OS X and provides a set of C functions designed to enable the drawing of 2D graphics in the form of images, lines and shapes together with range of fill patterns and gradients.In this chapter we will provide an overview of Quartz 2D. The next chapter, entitled, provides a step-by-step tutorial designed to teach the basics of two dimensional drawing on the iPhone. Introducing Core Graphics and Quartz 2DQuartz 2D is a two dimensional graphics drawing engine that makes up the bulk of the UIKit Core Graphics Framework. It is a C based application programming interface (API) and as such is utilized primarily through calls to a range of C functions. Quartz 2D drawing typically takes place on a UIView object (or, more exactly a subclass thereof). Drawings are defined in terms of the paths that a line must follow and rectangular areas into which shapes (rectangles, elipses etc) must fit.
The drawRect MethodThe first time a view is displayed, and each time part of that view needs to be redrawn as a result of another event, the drawRect method of the view is called. Drawing is achieved, therefore, by subclassing the UIView class, implementing the drawRect method and placing within that method the Quartz 2D API calls to draw the graphics.In instances where the drawRect method is not automatically called, a redraw may be forced via a call to the setNeedsDisplay or setNeedsDisplayInRect methods. The Quartz 2D API functions work on the basis of points. These are essentially the x and y coordinates of a two dimensional coordinate system on the device screen with 0, 0 representing the top left hand corner of the display. These coordinates are stored in the form of CGFloat variables.An additional C structure named CGPoint is used to contain both the x and y coordinates to specify a point on the display. Similarly, the CGSize structure stores two CGFloat values designating the width and height of an element on the screen.Further, the position and dimension of a rectangle can be defined using the CGRect structure which contains a CGPoint (the location) and CGSize (the dimension) of a rectangular area.Of key importance when working with points and dimensions is that these values do not correspond directly to screen pixels.
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In other words there is not a one to one correlation between pixels and points. Instead the underlying framework decides, based on a scale factor, where a point should appear and at what size, relative to the resolution of the display on which the drawing is taking place. This enables the same code to work on both higher and lower resolution screens without the programmer having to worry about it.For more precise drawing requirements, iOS version 4 and later allows the scale factor for the current screen to be obtained from UIScreen, UIView, UIImage, and CALayer classes allowing the correlation between pixels and points to be calculated for greater drawing precision. For iPhone OS 3 or older the scale factor is always returned as 1.0. The Graphics ContextAlmost without exception, all Quartz API function calls require that the graphics context be passed as an argument. Each view has its own context which is responsible for performing the requested drawing tasks and subsequently rendering those drawings onto the corresponding view. The graphics context can be obtained with a call to the UIGraphicsGetCurrentContext function which returns a result of type CGContextRef:CGContextRef graphicscontext = UIGraphicsGetCurrentContext.